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Albanian

Albanian is a language of the Indo-European family, in which it occupies an independent branch. It is an official language in Albania and Kosovo and has official minority status in Italy, Romania, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia and others. The language has an official status in Ulcinj, southern Montenegro. Albanian is also spoken by large Albanian communities elsewhere in Europe, the Americas and Australia.
  • Geographic distribution 

  • Europe 

  • Americas 

  • Asia and Africa 

  • Oceania 

  • Dialects 

  • Orthography 

  • Classification 

  • Historical documentation 

  • Linguistic affinities 

  • Historical presence and location 

  • Pre-Indo-European substratum 

  • Proto-IE features 

  • Albanian–PIE phonological correspondences 

  • Standard Albanian 

  • Elbasan-based standard 

  • Tosk standard 

  • Calls for reform 

  • Phonology 

  • Consonants 

  • Schwa 

  • Grammar 

  • Negation 

  • Vigesimal system 

  • Earliest undisputed texts 

  • Disputed earlier texts 

  • Ottoman period 

  • Lexicon 

  • Early linguistic influences 

  • Early Greek loans 

  • Latin influence 

  • Other loans 

  • Gothic 

  • Patterns in loaning 

  • Bibliography